Assessment of cognitive functioning using the Mini Mental State Examination in men with alcohol and crack cocaine use disorder

Abstract Introduction Consumption of substances has been associated with cognitive impairment. The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) is an easy-to-apply screening tool used to assess cognitive functions. Objectives To evaluate the cognitive performance of individuals with alcohol (AUD) and/or crack cocaine use disorder (CUD) and polysubstance use using the MMSE and to investigate the impact of substance use profile and the moderation effect of educational level on MMSE performance. Methods Cross-sectional study with 508 adult male inpatients diagnosed with substance use disorders (245 with AUD, 85 with CUD, and 178 with polysubstance use). Cognitive performance was assessed using the MMSE scale (total and composite scores). Results Individuals with AUD had worse total MMSE scores and scored worse for all three MMSE components compared to individuals with polysubstance use (p < 0.001, oral/written language comprehension, p < 0.001, attention/memory, and p = 0.007, motor functions). MMSE scores were positively correlated with educational level (p < 0.017), but were not associated with age, recent drug use, or years of drug use. Educational level moderated the impact of substance use on MMSE performance, especially total score and composite language comprehension score. Individuals with a low educational level (≤ 8 years) had worse performance than those with a high educational level (≥ 9 years), mainly in individuals with AUD (p < 0.001). Discussion Individuals with a low educational level and alcohol use are more prone to present cognitive impairment than crack cocaine users, especially involving language aspects. Better-preserved cognitive function could impact treatment adherence and might guide the decision of therapeutic strategies.

Alcohol use in self-isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional survey in Brazil

Abstract Objectives To assess alcohol use and perceived change in alcohol consumption (before and during the pandemic) in Brazilians during the COVID-19 pandemic, their correlates, and their associations with depressive, anxiety and co-occurring depressive and anxiety symptoms (D&A). Methods This is a cross-sectional study comprising 992 individuals in self-isolation. A self-report questionnaire was used to assess whether participants were drinking during self-isolation and whether they changed their drinking behavior (drinking less, more, or no change) from before to during the pandemic. D&A symptoms were assessed using the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories (BDI and BAI). Results A total of 68.5% of participants reported alcohol consumption during the pandemic, and 22.7% of these reported increased alcohol use. Smoking was positively associated with alcohol consumption during the pandemic. Alcohol consumption was associated with anxiety (OR = 1.40, 95%CI 1.06-1.85, p < 0.01) and D&A (OR = 1.38, 95%CI 1.02-1.87, p = 0.033) symptoms. Conclusions Drinking during self-isolation was prevalent and was associated with risk factors for alcohol use disorders. The long-term effects of high drinking rates and increased consumption should be proactively monitored and assessed.

Early discharge predictors among inpatient crack cocaine users

Abstract Introduction High rates of early hospital discharge are often observed in crack cocaine users and are related to adverse outcomes and increased public spending. This study evaluated clinical and sociodemographic factors associated with early treatment discharge among crack users. Methods The sample comprised 308 men diagnosed with crack cocaine use disorder (crack only), aged 18 to 65 years, admitted between 2013 and 2017 to a male-only hospital unit to treat substance use disorders. Sociodemographic and clinical data were obtained using the Addiction Severity Index, 6th version, and a Sociodemographic Questionnaire. Results Early discharge (within 7 days) was significantly associated with lack of own income, insufficient family support, being single, and recent homelessness. Regarding drug use, lower treatment retention was related to younger age of crack use onset, recent alcohol use, and nicotine use. Factors such as age, skin color, and educational level showed no relation to the outcome. Conclusion Our findings suggest that presence of characteristics verifiable at the time of admission may be related to crack users' treatment retention. Identification of these factors can contribute to target interventions in order to improve treatment adherence in crack cocaine users.

Differential impact on suicide mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil

Objectives: To compare suicide rates observed in Brazil after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic with the estimated rate based on suicide deaths between 2010 and 2020, and identify sociodemographic variables associated with this outcome. Methods: Ecological time-series study. Data were obtained from Brazilian Unified Health System Department of Information Technology (DATASUS), with the structural break of the data set in March 2020. The number of actual suicides observed and the number of expected suicides if there were no COVID-19 pandemic were analyzed through bayesian structural time series modeling. Results: The overall incidence of suicides in Brazil remained stable after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to what would be expected. However, there was a significant increase in suicide deaths among women (6.9%) and older adult (9.1%). Analysis by macro-regions of the country showed significant increases in suicide deaths in the Center-West (7.4%), Northeast (5.7%), and Southeast (10%). Stratified analyses revealed differences according to age, sex, education, and skin color. Conclusions: Despite stability in the overall number of suicides, this phenomenon occurs heterogeneously among different population groups and regions of Brazil. Rates have increased in populations with a history of poor access to health, which may have been more severely impacted by the pandemic.

Inflammatory cytokines and alcohol use disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective: To assess differences in blood inflammatory cytokines between people with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and healthy controls (HC). Methods: Searches were performed from inception through April 14, 2021. Meta-analyses with random-effects models were used to calculate the standardized mean difference ([SMD], 95%CI), and potential sources of heterogeneity were explored trough meta-regressions and subgroup analysis. Results: The meta-analysis included 23 studies on the following 14 cytokines: tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1, IL-1RA, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, IL15, interferon (IFN)-γ and sCD14. There were significantly higher concentrations of IL-6 (n=462 AUD and 408 HC; SMD = 0.523; 95%CI 0.136-0.909; p = 0.008) in AUD than HC. No significant differences were found in the other 13 cytokines. Conclusion: We found that IL-6 levels were significantly higher in individuals with AUD than HC and that other cytokines were not altered. This can be explained by the small number of studies, their methodological heterogeneity, and confounding factors (active use, abstinence, quantity, and physical or psychiatric illnesses, for example). Despite a great deal of evidence about alcohol and inflammatory diseases, studies assessing the role of neuroimmune signaling in the development and severity of AUD are still lacking.

Gender differences in progression to crack-cocaine use and the role of sexual and physical violence

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate whether progression from first drug use to crack-cocaine use differs according to gender, and whether the report of sexual or physical violence impacts the time of progression. Methods: We interviewed 896 crack-cocaine users (548 men; 348 women) from addiction treatment units. Cox regression models evaluated the time of progression from first drug use to crack use. We analyzed gender differences according to the absence or presence of sexual or physical violence, also considering whether violence, when present, had occurred before or after the onset of crack use. Results: Women presented a faster progression to crack use regardless of exposure to sexual or physical violence (p < 0.05). Compared to unexposed men, there was a similar progression for men exposed to sexual or physical violence before the first use of crack (p = 0.167 and p = 0.393, respectively). In both genders, we observed a faster progression among individuals exposed to these types of violence after the onset of crack use (p < 0.01). Conclusions: We found a faster progression to crack use among women and among individuals exposed to sexual and physical violence after the onset of crack use. These results encourage differentiated treatment strategies, focused on gender and individual characteristics.

Childhood trauma subtypes may influence the pattern of substance use and preferential substance in men with alcohol and/or crack-cocaine addiction

Objective: To compare the prevalence and subtypes of childhood maltreatment (CM) between individuals with and without substance use disorder (SUD) and investigate the influence of different traumas on the preferential use of substances and the severity of dependence. Methods: The sample consisted of 1,040 men with SUD (alcohol users [n=315], crack-cocaine users [n=406], multiple-substance users [n=319]) and 201 controls. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and the Addiction Severity Index-6 (ASI-6) were used to assess CM and drug-use patterns. Results: Individuals with SUD had a higher prevalence of CM than controls (63.4 vs. 28.1%, respectively). Exposure to physical trauma was associated with alcohol use disorder and severity of alcohol use. In contrast, emotional trauma was associated with use of multiple substances and severity of drug use in crack-cocaine users. Conclusions: This study corroborates the association of CM with SUD susceptibility. Our results suggest that the type of CM may influence preferential substance use and addiction severity. In this sense, physical traumas are more associated with alcohol use, while emotional and sexual traumas favor use of multiple drugs, especially crack cocaine. These findings may help the development of tailored prevention and intervention strategies.

Increase in serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels during early withdrawal in severe alcohol users

Abstract Introduction Changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) have been linked to the neuroadaptative consequences of chronic alcohol use and associated with disease severity and prognosis. Few studies have evaluated the influence of drug withdrawal and clinical and sociodemographic data on BDNF levels in severe alcohol users. Objectives Our goals were (1) to evaluate variation in BDNF levels during alcohol withdrawal and, (2) to assess the influence of putative confounding factors on BDNF levels. Methods Our sample consists of 62 men with alcohol use disorder undergoing a detoxification process. Serum BDNF levels were measured using a commercial sandwich-ELISA kit, at two points: before and after the detoxification period. Results We found an increase in BDNF levels during alcohol withdrawal (25.4±9.6 at admission vs. 29.8±10.2 ng/ml at discharge; p < 0.001), even after controlling for potential confounders (positive family history, number of days between blood sample collections, and age) (Generalized Estimating Equation: coefficient = -4.37, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] -6.3; -2.4; p < 0.001). Moreover, individuals who had first-degree relative with alcohol dependence had smaller increases in BDNF levels than individuals with no family history (14.8 [95%CI -5.3; 35.6] vs. 35.3 [95%CI 15.4; 74.8]; p = 0.005). Conclusions In summary, variation in BDNF levels seems to be influenced by withdrawal in severe alcohol users. A positive family history of alcohol dependence could also be a factor that influences variation in this biomarker.

Effects of childhood trauma on BDNF and TBARS during crack-cocaine withdrawal

Objective: To evaluate the association between childhood trauma (CT) and serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) during crack-cocaine withdrawal. Method: Thirty-three male crack-cocaine users were recruited at admission to a public addiction treatment unit. Serum BDNF and TBARS levels were evaluated at intake and discharge. Information about drug use was assessed by the Addiction Severity Index-6th Version (ASI-6); CT was reported throughout the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). CTQ scores were calculated based on a latent analysis model that divided the sample into low-, medium-, and high-level trauma groups. Results: There was a significant increase in BDNF levels from admission to discharge, which did not differ across CT subgroups. For TBARS levels, we found a significant time vs. trauma interaction (F2,28 = 6.357, p = 0.005,ηp 2 = 0.312). In participants with low trauma level, TBARS decreased, while in those with a high trauma level, TBARS increased during early withdrawal. Conclusion: TBARS levels showed opposite patterns of change in crack-cocaine withdrawal according to baseline CT. These results suggest that CT could be associated with more severe neurological impairment during withdrawal.

Active Brazilian crack cocaine users: nutritional, anthropometric, and drug use profiles

Objective: To evaluate the nutritional status of crack users and to analyze its correlation with drug use profiles. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 108 crack users. Anthropometric data were assessed through body mass index (BMI) and bioimpedance (BIA) measurements. A blood test to analyze hematocrit, hemoglobin, glucose, and lipid profiles was also performed. Crack use was determined through a standardized interview. Results: Based on BMI and BIA, most individuals were eutrophic (about 70%). Regarding hematological parameters, we found that hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were below normal for 32.4 and 30.6% of patients, respectively. Considering normal parameters, a large part of the sample (60.2%) had low levels of HDL cholesterol and high levels of triglycerides (38%). There were no significant correlations between drug profile and nutritional variables. Conclusion: This is a pioneering study that examines the nutritional status of crack users. Our results showed that most crack users present normal anthropometric findings and the prevalence of underweight is low. However, blood analysis showed changes and a specific type of malnutrition.

Satisfaction and burden of mental health personnel: data from healthcare services for substance users and their families

Objective: To evaluate satisfaction and burden of mental health personnel providing mental health services for substance users and their families. Method: Five hundred twenty-seven mental health workers who provide treatment for substance users in five Brazilian states were interviewed. Data on sociodemographic characteristics and measures of satisfaction (SATIS-BR) and burden of mental health personnel (IMPACTO-BR) were collected. Results: Type of mental health service and educational attainment were associated with degree of satisfaction and burden. Therapeutic community workers and those with a primary education level reported being more satisfied with the treatment offered to patients, their engagement in service activities, and working conditions. Workers from psychosocial care centers, psychosocial care centers focused on alcohol and other drugs, and social care referral centers (both general and specialized), as well as workers with a higher education, reported feeling overburdened. Conclusion: This study offers important information regarding the relationship of mental health personnel with their work. Care providers within this sample reported an overall high level of job satisfaction, while perceived burden differed by type of service and educational attainment. To our knowledge, this is the first study with a sample of mental health professionals working with substance users across five Brazilian states.

Hepatitis C: clinical and biological features related to different forms of cocaine use / Hepatite C: características clínicas e biológicas relacionadas às diferentes formas de uso da cocaína

Abstract Introduction Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is related with several liver diseases such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinomas, leading to more than 0.5 million deaths every year and to a great global burden. It is known that injection drug users show a high prevalence of HCV infection, being considered a risk group for this disease. Cocaine users seem to be in greater risk than other drug users, and several hypotheses for this association are being studied. Aim To review data on HCV infection in cocaine users, taking into consideration the relevance of the different routes of drug administration and other risk behaviors. Methods This was a narrative review performed in the main scientific databases. Results and conclusion Data suggest that cocaine use could be associated with HCV infection due to the specificities of cocaine consumption pattern, even in those subjects who do not inject drugs, in addition to other risky behaviors, such as tattooing and unprotected sex. Injectable cocaine users seem to be more susceptible to contamination than users who do not inject drugs. However, evidence is pointing to the possibility of infection by sharing drug paraphernalia other than syringes. Moreover, specific immune system impairments caused by cocaine use are also being linked with HCV infection susceptibility, persistence and increased pathological effects.

Resumo Introdução O vírus da hepatite C (HCV) está relacionado com graves patologias hepáticas, como a cirrose e o carcinoma hepatocelular, causando mais de meio milhão de mortes todos os anos, o que reflete um problema de saúde mundial. Sabe-se que usuários de drogas injetáveis possuem alta prevalência de infecção pelo HCV, sendo por isso considerados um dos maiores grupos de risco. Usuários de cocaína parecem ter maior risco de contrair o vírus do que usuários de outras drogas, e diversas hipóteses para essa associação estão sendo estudadas. Objetivo Revisar evidências de associação da infecção pelo HCV em usuários de cocaína, considerando a relevância das diferentes formas de administração da droga e comportamentos de risco. Métodos Esta foi uma revisão narrativa realizada nos principais bancos de dados científicos. Resultados e conclusão As evidências atuais sugerem que o uso de cocaína pode estar associado com a infecção por HCV devido às especificidades do padrão de consumo da droga, mesmo naqueles indivíduos que não fazem uso de drogas injetáveis, além de outros comportamentos de risco, como tatuagens e sexo desprotegido. Usuários de cocaína injetável parecem estar mais suscetíveis à contaminação do que usuários de cocaína não injetável. Entretanto, há a possibilidade de infecção devido ao compartilhamento de outros equipamentos de uso além das seringas (cachimbos, por exemplo). Além disso, prejuízos do sistema imune causados pela cocaína também parecem estar associados com a suscetibilidade de infecção pelo HCV, além da manutenção e piora dos sintomas da doença.

Identification and initial management of intoxication by alcohol and other drugs in the pediatric emergency room / Identificação e manejo inicial de intoxicações por álcool e outras drogas na sala de emergência pediátrica

Abstract Objective: To review the screening, diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of intoxication by alcohol and other drugs in children and adolescents in the emergency scenario. Data source: This was a narrative literature review. Data summary: The detection of this problem in the emergency room can be a challenge, especially when its assessment is not standardized. The intentional and episodic use of large amounts of psychoactive substances by adolescents is a usual occurrence, and unintentional intoxication is more common in children younger than 12 years. The clinical picture in adolescents and children differs from that in adults and some particularities are important in the emergency scenario. After management of the acute condition, interventions targeting the adolescent at risk may be effective. Conclusion: The diagnosis and treatment of intoxication by alcohol and other drugs in adolescents and children in the emergency scenario requires a systematic evaluation of the use of these drugs. There are few specific treatments for intoxication, and the management comprehends support measures and management of related clinical complications.

Resumo Objetivo: Revisar o rastreamento, o diagnóstico, a abordagem e o tratamento das intoxicações por álcool e outras drogas de crianças e adolescentes no contexto de emergência. Fontes dos dados: Foi feita uma revisão narrativa da literatura. Sumário dos achados: A detecção desse problema na sala de emergência pode ser um desafio, especialmente quando sua avaliação não é padronizada. O uso intencional e em grandes quantidades episódicas de substâncias psicoativas é o padrão em adolescentes e a intoxicação não intencional é mais comum em crianças menores de 12 anos. O quadro clínico em adolescentes e em crianças difere dos adultos e algumas particularidades são importantes no contexto de emergência. Após o manejo do quadro agudo, intervenções com vistas ao adolescente de risco podem ser efetivas. Conclusão: O diagnóstico e o tratamento das intoxicações por álcool e outras drogas em adolescentes e crianças em emergência requer uma avaliação sistemática do uso dessas drogas. Há poucos tratamentos específicos para intoxicação e o manejo é de apoio e das complicações clínicas relacionadas.

Correlates of unprotected sex in a sample of young club drug users

OBJECTIVES: To assess the demographic characteristics, psychiatric symptoms, substance use patterns, and sexual risk behaviors in a sample of club drug users to identify factors associated with unprotected sex during the 12 months prior to the interview. METHODS: This cross-sectional study employed the targeted sampling and ethnographic mapping approaches via face-to-face interviews conducted at bars and electronic music festivals using an adapted, semi-structured version of the Global Appraisal of Individual Needs questionnaire. The sample comprised 240 male and female young adults who had used ecstasy and/or LSD in the 90 days prior to the interview and who were not receiving treatment for alcohol or drug abuse. RESULTS: Of the 240 subjects selected (mean age: 22.9±4.5 years), 57.9% were men; of the male subjects, 52.5% reported having had unprotected sex in the previous 12 months. Of the total sample, 63.33% reported having had unprotected sex. Multivariate regression analysis showed that anal sex (PR = 1.26; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.044-1.543; p = 0.017) and the use of alcohol/drugs to make sex last longer (PR = 1.430; 95% CI: 1.181-1.732; p<0.001) are associated with unprotected sex. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of intervention strategies aimed at reducing sexually risky behaviors should take into consideration the specific characteristics of drug users and should include the development of safer sex negotiation skills. .

Predictors of positive Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) in a sample of Brazilian drivers / Preditores de alcoolemia positiva em uma amostra de motoristas brasileiros

OBJECTIVE: To verify the frequency of positive Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) among drivers and to examine associated factors in a cross-sectional study of Brazilian state capitals. METHODS: 3,398 drivers were approached on highways crossing all 27 Brazilian capitals from 12 p.m. to 12 a.m. (Fridays and Saturdays). They were breathalyzed and data on their driving characteristics and alcohol consumption were collected. Multivariate logistic regression following a hierarchical conceptual framework was used to evaluate associated factors. RESULTS: The overall weighted prevalence of positive BAC (> 0.1 mg/L) was 4.2%. The multivariate analysis showed that education up to 8 years (OR = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.4-3.0), age > 30 years (OR = 2.6; 95% CI: 1.8-3.8), type of vehicle (cars: OR = 3.0; 95% CI: 1.7-5.1; motorcycles: OR = 3.7; 95% CI: 2.1-6.4), binge drinking (OR = 1.7; 95% CI: 1.3-2.4), having been breathalyzed before (OR = 2.6; 95% CI: 1.8-3.7), and purpose of the trip (coming from a party: OR = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.3-3.0; leisure trip: OR = 1.7; 95% CI: 1.32.4; driving after 8 p.m.: OR = 1.7; 95% CI: 1.3-2.3) were independently associated with DUI. CONCLUSION: Study findings suggest that selected external environmental factors, such as socioeconomic and demographic characteristics as well as personal characteristics like alcohol consumption and the relationship between drinking and driving were associated with positive BAC among Brazilian drivers. Results can help to inform drinking and driving policy and preventive approaches.

OBJETIVO: Verificar a frequência de alcoolemia positiva entre os motoristas e examinar fatores associados em um estudo transversal nas capitais brasileiras. MÉTODOS: 3.398 motoristas foram abordados em rodovias que atravessam todas as 27 capitais brasileiras nos horários entre 12:00 e 00:00 (sextas e sábados). Eles realizaram o teste do etilômetro e foram coletados dados sobre suas características de condução e consumo de álcool. Para avaliar os fatores associados, foi realizada uma regressão logística multivariável seguindo um quadro conceitual hierárquico. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de alcoolemia positiva (> 0,1 mg/L) foi de 4,2%. A regressão logística múltipla mostrou que educação (até 8 anos de estudo: OR = 2,0; IC 95%: 1,4-3,0), idade (> 30 anos: OR = 2,6; IC 95%: 1,8-3,8), tipo de veículo (dirigir um carro: OR = 3,0; IC 95%: 1,7-5,1; conduzir uma motocicleta: OR = 3,7; IC 95%: 2,1-6,4), consumo excessivo de álcool (OR = 1,7; IC 95%: 1,3-2,4), ter realizado o teste do etilômetro anteriormente (OR = 2,6; IC 95%: 1,8-3,7), e a finalidade da viagem (retorno de uma festa: OR = 1,9; IC 95%:1,3-3,0; viagem de lazer: OR = 1,7; IC 95%: 1,3-2,4; e estar dirigindo após as 20 horas: OR = 1,7; IC 95%: 1,3-2,3) foram independentemente associados com o dirigir sob influência de álcool. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados sugerem que fatores ambientais externos selecionados, tais como características socioeconômicas e demográficas, bem como características pessoais, como o consumo de álcool e comportamento em relação a beber e dirigir, foram associados com alcoolemia positiva entre os motoristas brasileiros. Os resultados podem ajudar a orientar políticas em relação a beber e dirigir e abordagens preventivas.

Uso de substâncias psicoativas e violência / Psychoactive substance use and violence

As implicações causadas pelo uso de drogas são variadas. A literatura temdemonstrado que usuários de substâncias psicoativas apresentam prejuízossignificativos em seus relacionamentos familiares e sociais. O objetivo dessetrabalho foi analisar os possíveis fatores de risco que pudessem estar associadosao uso de substâncias psicoativas e a tentativa de matricídio do“estudo de caso Raul”. De acordo com o histórico clínico do paciente e com arevisão bibliográfica realizada, podem-se identificar potenciais fatores devulnerabilidade individual, familiar e social associados ao uso de substânciaspsicoativas e ao desencadeamento do comportamento agressivo/criminal nopaciente. Desse modo, é consenso entre pesquisadores que, devido à complexidadeetiológica envolta ao uso de drogas, é fundamental uma abordagemmultiprofissional que abarque todas as áreas afetadas pelo uso de drogas,bem como as suas consequências.

The implications caused by drug use are varied. The literature shows thatdrug users have significant losses in their family and social relationships. Theaim of this study was to examine possible risk factors that could be associatedwith the use of psychoactive substances and attempted matricide in “Raul’scase study”. According to the patient’s medical history and the literature review,we can identify potential individual, familiar and social vulnerability factorsassociated with the use of psychoactive substances and the onset ofaggressive/criminal behavior in the patient. Thus, there is a consensus among researchers that due to the etiological complexity wrapped with drug use, amultidisciplinary approach that encompasses all areas affected by drug useand its consequences turns out to be imperative.

Uso de substâncias, situações de risco e soroprevalência em indivíduos que buscam testagem gratuita para HIV em Porto Alegre, Brasil / Substance use, risk situations, and HIV seroprevalence among individuals seeking free HIV testing in Porto Alegre, Brazil

OBJETIVO: Descrever o uso de substâncias, a soroprevalência e a presença de situações de risco para infecção por HIV em indivíduos que buscaram testagem sorológica em um centro municipal e em um centro estadual de testagem e aconselhamento na Cidade de Porto Alegre (RS), Brasil. MÉTODO: Através de um delineamento transversal, foi obtida uma amostra de conveniência de 1 026 homens e mulheres com idade entre 15 e 60 anos. Foram incluídos todos os indivíduos que, após uma triagem inicial, descreviam qualquer uso de droga ou qualquer comportamento ou situação de risco para a transmissão do HIV. Para avaliar a exposição a situações de risco, utilizou-se o questionário de comportamento de risco para AIDS, uma versão do risk assessment battery (RAB) traduzida para o português brasileiro. As amostras de sangue foram testadas para anticorpos anti-HIV usando o método imunoenzimático (ELISA). Antes do exame, cada indivíduo participava de uma sessão de aconselhamento em grupo (máximo de 20 participantes) sobre HIV e AIDS, de acordo com os critérios do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. RESULTADOS: A taxa de soropositividade para a amostra em geral foi alta, de 15,1 por cento. O uso de substâncias não explicou toda a exposição ao risco; o uso de drogas injetáveis ao longo da vida, apesar de apresentar uma razão de chances (OR) de 7,6 (IC95 por cento = 4,4 a 13,0) para soropositividade, esteve presente em apenas 10,3 por cento das respostas. Gênero masculino (OR = 1,8; IC95 por cento = 1,1 a 2,8), renda familiar inferior a 3 salários mínimos por mês (OR = 2,1; IC95 por cento = 1,3 a 3,5), idade acima de 25 anos (OR = 1,7; IC95 por cento = 1,1 a 2,7) e ter tido relação sexual com possível indivíduo soropositivo (OR = 1,8; IC95 por cento = 1,1 a 3,2) estiveram associados com soropositividade. CONCLUSÕES: Mesmo o uso não regular ou sistemático de substâncias, em especial sob forma endovenosa, aumenta as chances de soropositividade. A transmissão sexual teve um papel importante na soropositividade nesta amostra, indicando que a diminuição do senso crítico pelo uso de drogas pode comprometer a avaliação de situações de risco e contribuir para a transmissão do HIV.